Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Perfectionism Case Study

Subjective Behavioral Therapy for Perfectionism Case Study Free Online Research Papers In this paper, I will endeavor to sum up the article composed by Sarah J. Egan and Paula Hine of the Curtin University of Technology, Australia. This examination concentrated on the worth that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has in rewarding compulsiveness in 4 grown-ups determined to have an uneasiness issue or wretchedness. As indicated by the contextual investigation, hairsplitting can discourage the treatment of mental issue (Shafron Masell, 2001). CBT is utilized to look at and fix various mental issue, be that as it may, hairsplitting has never been hugely investigated and not many investigations of CBT have been of a controlled structure nature. The conductors of this contextual analysis picked the A-B single case test structure arrangement to direct this examination. This specific examination quantifies the level of the conduct focused for change through tedious perceptions across two periods of study: A=baseline and B=treatment. The subjects are likewise seen when the control of the free factor (Comer, 2008). The free factor in this examination is the treatment. The four members picked for the examination were chosen from a Clinic shortlist. Seventeen of the 45 grown-ups on the shortlist, who got scattered data about the investigation, finished the Beck Depression Inventory, which assesses burdensome side effects and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale which estimates hairsplitting with the usage of subscales: Concern over errors (CM), Personal Standards (PS), Parental Expectations (PE), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about Actions (DA), and Organization (O). An evaluation meet was led, conceiving CB keeping up systems and directing the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to set up the DSM-IV finding. From this analysis is the means by which the subjects were picked. The members as follows: Member A. A multi year old wedded female determined to have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder who was terrified of saying anything wrong and that cataclysmic occasions were bound to happen on the off chance that she thought certain musings. Member B. A multi year old separated from female determined to have alarm issue with agoraphobia and bipolar I going away. Member C. a multi year old wedded male with determined to have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and auxiliary conclusion of frenzy issue with agoraphobia. Member D. A multi year old separated from female determined to have significant burdensome scenes and frenzy issue with agoraphobia. Treatment was directed by a clinical therapist student under the management of an accomplished clinical clinician. Medicines were orchestrated into 1 hour meetings, once every week for about two months and a subsequent meeting following fourteen days. Meetings were recorded and 2 were unpredictably chosen for adherence rating by an autonomous clinician who decided whether the investigation remained concentrated on the current subject. Medicines were involved intellectual conduct procedures, for example, dichotomous reasoning (Shafran et al., 2002; Egan, Piek, Dyck, Rees, 2007), unbending, accomplishment situated objectives (Burns, 1980, Shafran et al.), hyper watchful and one-sided observing of execution (Shafran, et al.) and an arrangement for appraisal of self-esteem (DiBartolo, Frost, Chang, LaSota, Grills, 2004; Shafran et al.). The clinical analysts likewise actualized various systems, for example, conduct examinations to test negative insights and thought records to challenge specific consideration and self analysis. When all medicines and subsequent meet-ups were finished, just two out of four members had huge clinical decrease scores for complete hairsplitting. There were no critical decreases in nervousness and burdensome side effects. The region CBT for compulsiveness needs further examination to decide its adequacy and advantage as treatment for hairsplitting, sadness and uneasiness issue. This article end up being an incredible case of the utilization of the intellectual model of treatment. The clinical analysts zoned in on the brain of the members trying to â€Å"reprogram† their contemplating themselves. One â€Å"flaw† I saw was the determination of possibility for this investigation. I didn’t feel the variety was huge enough. All members were of a similar age gathering. Maybe an individual from each of the decadal age bunches following 20 years of age would have offered better introduction. Another issue I found with the CBT treatment for hairsplitting is that it doesn’t influence the burdensome and nervousness issue, subsequently requiring further medicines for patients. Medicines may must be broken out in to CBT for Perfectionism and afterward another meeting for CBT for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, potentially making the patient become â€Å"bored† and forsake the medicines. A comprehensive treatment should be set up to m aintain a strategic distance from this. References Consumes, D.D. (1980). Feeling better: The new state of mind treatment. New York: New American Library. Comer, R.J. (2008). Basics of Abnormal Psychology. DiBartolo, P.M., Frost, R.O., Chang, P., LaSota, M., Grills, A.E. (2004). Revealing insight into the connection between close to home principles and psychopathology: The case for contingent self-esteem. Diary of Rationalâ€Emotive and Cognitiveâ€Behavior Therapy, 22, 241â€254. Egan, S.J., Piek, J.P., Dyck, M.J., Rees, C.S. (2007). The job of dichotomous reasoning and unbending nature in hairsplitting. Conduct Research and Therapy, 45, 1813â€1822. Shafran, R., Mansell, W. (2001). Hairsplitting and psychopathology: An audit of exploration and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 879â€906. Exploration Papers on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Perfectionism Case StudyResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Riordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

The Persians things we never saw or heard Essay Example For Students

The Persians: things we never observed or heard Essay This lethal quietness with its essence of corrosive fills our mouths, announces the Chorus in Robert Aulettas update of Aeschylus The Persians. The stage is set in the Persian court as the Chorus (Ben Halley Jr.) anticipates updates on his armys attack of Athens: The muezzins tune has been heard, and the Chorus, in the conventional dark robes of the mullah, sits shining in the dead of night, reviewing past wonders. Despite the fact that his words, articulated in an excellent dramatic style, are some of the time hard to get, a youngster in vest and pants (a subsequent Chorus, played by Joseph Haj) spreads out his supplication tangle close to the front of the stage and stoops toward Mecca, discreetly rehashing the expressions of the mullah into an amplifier, with the goal that they are transmitted to the crowd through speakers put in the backs of the theater. There is a seconds disjunction between the two adaptations, and in that hole it appears that the general population and the priv ate meet up: Our political faculties are stirred just as our personal reactions. The human and the mechanical merge in another combination of comprehension. Outline1 A first opportunity to grieveâ 2 Dreams of sick omenâ 3 Differentiating texturesâ 4 Pundits notebookâ A first opportunity to grieveâ We will compose a custom exposition on The Persians: things we never observed or heard explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Quietness and its inverse, discourse, are the twin mantles on which Aulettas content and executive Peter Sellarss creation rest. At the point when the news comes through of the fights endthe unanticipated and all out decimation of the Persian armyit is conveyed in melody and a phenomenally influencing Javanese emulate move by a covered delivery person (Martinus Miroto), while the microphoned Chorus again expresses the words. The depictions of decimation, mutilation and passing are distressingly realistic; they are obviously conspicuous as all that we never got notification from our own pioneers during the Gulf Warthat war in which we never observed the picture of a solitary Iraqi casualty transmitted on our TV screens. However, they are similarly unmistakable as what we have seen, and have been weak to forestall, in Bosnia, Somalia and Vietnam. The stage pictures are basic, inadequate and even delightful, their frightful detail balance by uplifted, idyllic language at the same time m urmured into a mouthpiece with the enthusiasm of a petition. It gives the crowd the main opportunity to lament, on the whole and freely, for what has gone previously, unmourned and unrepented. Now in Sellarss creation, some crowd individuals loudly left the amphitheater, insulted (as without a doubt were a few pundits) that this youthful American executive had set out to fitting Aeschylus to his own finishes. Its amazing that they were shocked, with the work coming as it does from the man who set The Marriage of Figaro in Trump Tower and Ajax before the Pentagon. In any case, to see just the conspicuous consequences of Sellarss masterful transfiguration of the first (one pundit portrayed the chiefs fill in as political bandwagoning) is to be unmindful of the manner by which this creation, incomprehensibly, passes on the soul of Aeschylus more loyally than numerous renditions which comply with the letter of the content. To compose a play set in the Persian court just eight years after the real clash of Salamis, all things considered, was most likely as provocative of Aeschylus as this is of Sellars. There have been a few extraordinary creations of Greek disasters in Britain as of late: Deborah Warners singing Electra with Fiona Shaw, Adrian Nobles profound Theban Trilogy, Clare Venables refreshed Medea for the Sphinx (in the past Womens Theater Group) and Andrei Serbans Ancient Trilogy, among them. Whatever the significant benefits of these creations, be that as it may (and except for Warners Electra), just maybe in Sellarss Persians has catastrophe gotten in excess of a reason for exhibition, rather satisfying the Greek perfect of theater as a gathering for good and political conversation and accomplishing cleansing for the crowd. .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .postImageUrl , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:hover , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:visited , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:active { border:0!important; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:active , .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud3228f7d24822635 ef1cba91a497c384 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud3228f7d24822635ef1cba91a497c384:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: New tracks on Tobacco Road Essay Dreams of sick omenâ Sellars, with regularly shocking impact, comes to through the epic, political territory of the play to an increasingly quick and human scale. Atossa (Cordelia Gonzalez), spouse of the late ruler Darius and mother of the current lord Xerxes, enters in an advanced, Western-looking botanical dress, saying she has been grieved by dreams of sick sign. She can't rest, she gripes, thus has the especially human inclination to talk. At the point when the awful updates on her armys rout comes through, dread and disarray cement into outrage against her late spouse. The outcome is an exceptional family meeting from past the grave, with Darius (Howie Seago) ascending from a polythene Underworld and conveying, since he is dead, just in communication via gestures. Despite the clever ungainliness of the arranging, Atossas enthusiastic hatred, blended in with self-uncertainty and profound lament, are imposing and moving, and her relationship to her dead spouse is entirely persuading. Here is a savvy lady contending with the man she cherished over his culpability, as ruler, for the political circumstance wherein she presently gets herself, and as a dad for his passionate disregard of their child Xerxes. However her understanding and genuineness are with the end goal that she can't excuse herself from complicity in the circumstance: Where did we turn out badly? she inquires. Where did I turn out badly? In the last demonstration of the play, Xerxes (John Ortiz) returns in blurred fight fatigues bearing the hyper vitality of the executioner he has become. His quality difficulties the masterful authority of his dead dad, and his appearance is set apart by a difference in pace and beat and a lighting up of the phase into a sunrise of unforgiving, yellowish light. As opposed to Darius amazing idleness, Xerxes runs around the stage, jumping and tilting. Atossas liberal maternal happiness at seeing again the child she dreaded was lost is irresistible, yet questionable. Xerxes pugnacious words reverberation the pleased opening lines of the Chorus, however he talks about thrashing, not triumph; the activity of the finishing up minutes is peppy, yet the hopefulness it recommends is curiously spoiled. Differentiating texturesâ All through the creation a complex soundscape gives differentiating surfaces to various areas of the activity. Most perceptible is the motivational music of the Nubian artist and writer Hamze El Din, which consolidates customary Eastern components with present day Western structures. Similarly that the time misplacement of the two Chorusesone saturated with the customary, the other furnished with a microphonereconciles the antiquated and the advanced, so the music gives an otherworldly measurement and another degree of comprehension. Additionally, Sellarss appointment of move structures and emulate conventions from everywhere throughout the world are joined into the dramatization in a manner which isn't antagonistic to the antiquated Greek customs of theater. What's more, the layering of every one of those elementsvisual, melodic, verbalcombine effectively to make The Persians an at the same time scholarly and enthusiastic experience. Pundits notebookâ The previous summer, skeptical chief Peter Sellars came back to the non-melodic stage without precedent for a long time with another variant of Aeschylus The Persians, adjusted by Robert Auletta. Pundits and crowds were isolated when the work was seen at the Salzburg and Edinburgh global summer celebrations and the Los Angeles Festival at the Mark Taper Forum, where it got its American debut in September. Here, two pundits (both of whom saw the Edinburgh creation) offer restricting perspectives on the executives fundamentally contemporary interpretation of the main composed play in the h

5 British Books to Look Out For in the US in February

5 British Books to Look Out For in the US in February Biography, essay, humour, and more: this months British books coming to the US are eclectic and interesting. How To Stop Time by matt haig (Viking, February 6, 2018) This novel came out last year in the UK, and there was a lot of love for it I saw it on more than one best of 2017 book list. Its main character   has been 41 for hundreds of years, and he puts his first-hand knowledge of different time periods to use by becoming a history teacher in London. All he has to do to stay safe is not fall in love, and so naturally well, you can guess. Feel Free by Zadie Smith    (Penguin Press, February 6, 2018) When I interviewed author Nikesh Shukla for the Brit Lit Podcast, and asked him what the last book hed read that he loved was, it was this brilliant book of essays by Zadie Smith.   Its just like wearing your favourite jumper, with Zadie, he says. As soon as you start reading those words, youre like: I love you, I love this, I love this dynamic. Stickle Island  by Tim Orchard (The Unnamed Press, February 6, 2018) This 1980-set novel sounds like a lot of fun. The residents of Stickle Island must come together to save their Thatcher-threatened ferry, and theres a cast of characters including a horny vicar and an even hornier Postmistress, and a wildly erratic mainland drug dealer called Carter and his soft-hearted henchman Simp who come to the island with plans of their own. If you liked  The Full Monty, this might be one to try. The Story of Our Lives  by Helen Warner (Graydon House, February 13, 2018) This novel follows Sophie, Emily, Amy, and Melissa, a   group of friends whove seen each other through the ups and downs of life since childhood: marriage, motherhood, alcoholism. But what will a secret surfacing do to their friendship? Wallis In Love  by Andrew Morton (Grand Central Publishing, February 13, 2018) Andrew Morton is well respected as the pre-eminent royal biographer, and hes got a big year ahead, with this book published in February and  Meghan: A Hollywood Princess  due out in April. Wallis Simpson, an American divorcée, essentially changed the course of the British Monarchy, so shes an important figure in understanding the significance of Meghan Markles marriage to Prince Harry.

Distinctive Visuals in Run Lola Run Essay - 1190 Words

A composer can create images dependant on the form of the language of texts to shape a responders understanding of the ideas and themes prompted by people and their experiences. The German film, ‘Run Lola Run’ written and directed by Tom Tykwer, focuses on the experiences of the protagonist Lola to explore the themes of the inevitable force of time, and the issue of freewill verses determinism. Similarly, Dorothea Mackellar, in her poem ‘My Country’, relies on her experiences of the Australian landscape to convey her love and passion for the country using the language of the distinctive visual. The distinctively visual techniques employed by Tykwer in Run Lola Run, function to raise the importance of time, its inevitability, and†¦show more content†¦Split screen techniques divide the screen into three equal proportions creating a simultaneous depiction of Lola, Manni and the clock, allowing Tykwer to show the struggle to beat time. Adding to the dramatic urgency and reinforcing the power of time is the virtual real time of the film, meaning the twenty minutes of Lola’s life are shown in virtually twenty minutes of screen time. Hence, the distinctively visual provides an insightful image into Lola’s experiences placed under seize by the adamant nature of time. Interestingly, visual techniques are also effective in portraying the theme of free will versus determinism to question the responder who and what controls our lives. The tripartite storytelling structure incorporating three wholly, self-contained alternate versions of events is an unconventional filming technique reinforcing the postmodernist perception of having minimal control over life. As Lola rushes past minor characters in the film, flash forwards offer alternate glimpses of the possible outcome of their future, suggesting that fee-will alone is not a sole determination of the outcome of life. In each run, Lola’s encounter with these minor characters varies, showing that even the slightest change can become a significant impact to life. An extreme close-upShow MoreRelatedRun Lola Run and Related Texts.1339 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion distinctively visual images convey distinctive experiences, Evaluating the idea that visual images give us distinct experiences and how certain experiences can change our destiny. I will discuss this question using my chosen theme that is destiny, In Tom Tyker’s Run Lola Run and my related text Charlie Kaulfmans and Michael Gondrys Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind. Tom Tyker uses the theme of destiny to show how interaction between individuals can create a distinctive experience. Read MoreCompare the Ways the Distinctively Visual Is Created in Run Lola Run and in One Other Related Text of Your Own Choosing?941 Words   |  4 PagesCompare the ways the distinctively visual is created in Run Lola Run and in ONE other related text of your own choosing? Distinctively visual is one which the composer of the text uses visual, spoken and written language to position the reader to elicit their ideas. This is a powerful means to enhance the appeal of texts for viewers. Tom Tykwer’s film Run Lola Run includes Distinctively Visual scenes throughout the whole film using Symbolism. The exhilarating film takes the viewer through an intenselyRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesdecades, the movie industry in the United States and the rest of the world operated by according to these principles. Cultural, social and economic changes ensured the demise of this system after the Second World War. A new way to run Hollywood was required. Beginning in 1962, Lew Wasserman of Universal Studios emerged as the key innovator in creating a second studio system. He realized that creating a global media conglomerate was more important than simply beingRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesthe impression of reality by giving objects dimension, but it also contributes directly to that impression in as much as it appears to be real. It is, in fact, a general law of psychology that movement is always perceived as real—unlike many other visual structures, such as volume, which is often very readily perceived as unreal (for example, in perspective drawings). Albert Michotte van den Berck examined the causal interpretations—the impression that something had been pushed, pulled, thrown, etc

Effective Measures For Foreign And Security Policy

Discerning appropriate measures for foreign and security policy is, of course, challenging for any country. When the decision involves highly sensitive issue such as denuclearization of another country, it is something that no one can resolve easily even with great length of time, specified plans, much power, or money. Gill states in his report, â€Å"Despite differences on tactics and approach, the primary strategic goal on which nearly all parties in China agree is stability, both at home and in China’s foreign relations, particularly within the country’s near-abroad,† demonstrating how significant the matter of stability is to the Chinese. In the case of North Korea, China’s attitude is rather calm, trying to avoid any direct conflict and ensure peaceful process, and consequently, the Chinese officials are putting relatively greater priority to North Korean relation due to risky circumstances. (Gill) Currently, the North Korea regime is under a possibility of collapsing. The unpredictability of North Korea’s succession process causes both China and the United States to prepare for the securing the nuclear weapon from getting into the wrong hands. The collapse of the regime poses potentials for the material to proliferate in the international black market and will become a major threat not only to North Korea’s direct neighbors but also to countries all around the world. Therefore, in order to achieve a goal of denuclearizing the Korean peninsula, the Chinese officials useShow MoreRelatedAn Age Of Mass Migration And International Terrorism1715 Words   |  7 Pagespursuing domestic security and efficiency is a major concern. The ability to untangle these forces is critical to national identities and to resolving contradictions between these principles in order to strengthen the values of justice. 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Dublin Free Essays

Curriculum Vitae Personal: Name: Thomas O Hare Date of birth: 6/7/1991 Address: 26 Church field close Mobile: 0861785352 Skerries Home: 01-8491993 Co. Dublin tonkerohare@hotmail. com Education: Third Level: Dublin Institute of Technology, College of Business, Aungier Street, Dublin 2 2010-2014 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Dublin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sc. n Retail and Services Management Core Subjects: Management Information Technology Economics Accounting Marketing Services Retail Management Corporate Finance Logistics Electives: Marketing Communication’s and Geographic Information Systems (year 3) Second Level: Skerries Community College, Skerries, Co. Dublin 2004-2010 Leaving certificate: Maths (P) B3 Irish (P) B2 English (H) C2 French (P) B2 Home Economics (H) C2 Business (H) B3 History (H) B2 Work Experience: August 2010- Present (seasonal work) Aiken Promotions – Stage worker Duties: As a stage worker with Aiken promotions I was heavily involved with the setting up of and the taking down of the concert stage. This involves wearing safety equipment while working. Most of the work involved a lot of heavy lifting and long hours. We have to report to our manager in the morning to sign in and also sign out at the end of the day. June 2010- September 2010: Customer Service Attendant – Dundrum Town Centre Duties: I worked as a customer service attendant in the car park in Dundrum Town Centre. My duties were to serve customers to the best of my ability. This sometimes involved showing customers around the shopping centre as a lot of people got lost. My main duties were helping customers out in the car park, replacing tickets at the entrances and exits of the car park and being on hand to report any incidents of anti-social behaviour while also doing my utmost to keep the car park clean. On busy days I had to coordinate traffic coming in and out of the town centre. March 2008- June 2008: Child minder – Skerries Creche Duties: My main duties included looking after and ensuring the welfare of children aged between one and eight years old. I had to organise games and small events for the children. Skills: Computer Literacy: Highly competent in the following packages Microsoft Word Microsoft PowerPoint Internet Microsoft Excel SPSS Email Language: I have a decent understanding of the Irish and French languages as I studied both of them up until I left secondary school. Hobbies and interests: I have a keen interest in rugby and GAA and have won numerous medals most notably a Leinster League division 1A medal and an all-Ireland Round Robin winning medal with Skerries RFC in 2012. I have also won a minor championship medal with Skerries Harps in 2009. I currently play for Skerries RFC Seniors who compete in division 2b of the Ulster Bank All Ireland League. I also enjoy when I have the time to play rugby for my college DIT. I enjoy cooking and learning about all types of food in general in my spare time as I had affection for it when I studied Home Economics in secondary school. I also try to keep up with current affairs as to not fall to far behind with today’s society. I have huge enthusiasm for music and live gigs, in particular electronica and dance music. I have been too many festivals around Ireland and intend to travel to many more around the world. Referees: Mr Kevin O Riordan info@skerriescommunitycollege. ie Principal Skerries Community College Mr Bill Dwan Bill. Dwan@dit. ie Tutor/Geographic information systems lecturer DIT Aungier Street How to cite Dublin, Papers

Business Organisation and Policy Carrefours Expansion to UK

Question: Describe the Micro and Macro environmental factors which Carrefour must take into consideration to reduce their risk of failure if they eventually decide to enter the UK market (700 words). Explain to the management of Carrefour how UK Government policies on mergers and acquisitions can affect their growth strategies in the UK. Explain how the management at Carrefour can use the Kurt Lewin Change Model of Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze to prepare their staff for the envisaged UK venture. Answer: Introduction The paper focuses on evaluating the feasibility of Carrefour, a multinational French grocery and food wholesaler in the foreign market of United Kingdom. The paper would effectively conduct an analysis of the macro and micro business environment of United Kingdom while also in evaluating the impacts of the merger and acquisition policy of United Kingdom on the business activities of Carrefour. Finally, the use of Kurt Lewins Change model is also taken to be incorporated for helping Carrefour strategise its internal environment for generating an effective presence in the UK grocery and food retail sector. Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Macro Business Environment Political Influence The United Kingdom government focuses on enhancing the buying potential of the consumers based on enhancing the flow of money in the hands of the residents. Increased flow of income in the hands of the general consumers helps them in meeting their purchasing intentions from the different grocery and retail outlets. The same thus helps in building and generating increased flow of consumer traffic to the different retail stores and grocery retail outlets (Retail Economics , 2015). The above discussion reflects a positive influence of the UK governments actions and decisions regarding increased flow of money in the hands of the UK citizens on the retail sector. Economic Influence Survey carried out on the parameter of retail productivity of the different retail and wholesale stores and companies operating in the United Kingdom market for the periods ranging from 2013 to 2014 reflects a sharp decline owing to the growth of the level of factor inputs compared to the level of outputs generated during the stated periods. Statistical reports reflect that an increase in the amount of labour inputs by around 2.3 percent during FY13 potentially reduced the level of productivity for the different retail stores for 3.1 percent. The growth in the level of factor inputs related to the wholesale sector in United Kingdom also accounted for a decline in the level of productivity of the wholesale companies for around 1.6 percent during 2014(Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016). Two graphical illustrations are rendered below for generating clarity to the above discussion. (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016) (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016) Social Influence Retail and wholesale consumerism in United Kingdom reflects an increased demand for both large scale and attractive store layouts. The retail and wholesale consumers further demand the generation of the right quality of customer service and also the effective and timely availability of potential quality and amount of grocery and retail merchandises. The management of the wholesale and retail firms operating in United Kingdom are thus observed for generating increased focus and investments for increasing the number and size of store layouts in the region. Increasing the number of stores while also enhancing the appearance and size of the store layouts is taken to potentially attract an enhanced flow of consumer traffic in the retail and wholesale stores. Similarly, the retail and wholesale managers are also focusing on generating increased investments for providing needed training to the sales and customer service staffs. The generation of effective training is taken to enhance the po tential of the staffs for providing quality customer services and thereby in driving needed customer satisfaction (Wood McCarthy, 2013). The below graph reflects the number of new grocery outlets opened in United Kingdom along the period ranging from 2002 to 2013. (Wood McCarthy, 2013) Technological Influence The incorporation of information technology based on the use of different gadgets, applications and software and also other types of technology driven processes is observed to potentially contribute in sophisticating the existing retail and wholesale environment in United Kingdom. Development and use of the multichannel framework is observed to significantly help the grocery and food retailers in United Kingdom in effectively penetrating a larger consumer base in the region. Moreover, the use of needed information technology applications like POS (Point-of-Sales) terminals, ERP (Enterprise Resource Programs) and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) bar codes contributed in increasing the level of agility in the existing supply chain activities of the grocery and food retail stores thereby enabling them in meeting the objectives of customer satisfaction through provision of quality and quantity food offerings in a timely fashion (Bevis, 2014). Legal Influence Food regulatory bodies like the Organic Control Body (OCB) operating in United Kingdom aptly contribute in monitoring the trading of organic food products along both the retail and wholesale food outlets in the region. Approval for the trading and also labelling and certification of organic food is made based on investigations carried out by OCB based on the standards generated by the European Union (EU) (GOV.UK, 2013). The above aspect helps the food retail and wholesale firms for generating quality food products to the consumers. Environmental Influence Retail and wholesale food and grocery retail organisations operating in United Kingdom are required for generation of Carbon Footprints in that the same helps in regulating and monitoring the emission level of greenhouse gases like Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide from its supply chain, logistics and transportation based operations. Further, the grocery and food retail and wholesale organisations are also required to monitor the reduction of food wastage and use of recycled papers and packages in conducting the store operations (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2011). Micro Business Environment Buyer Influence The development of the multichannel retailing and marketing environment and also the enhanced use of information technology enabled for the United Kingdom based residents have helped the latter in gaining effective information regarding store offers, launch of new merchandise categories and also of diverse price ranges and product assortments. The above aspect increases the buyer power for taking quality decisions regarding purchases (OECD, 2013). Supplier Influence The grocery and food retail and wholesale firms operating in United Kingdom are required to monitor the activities and actions of their supplier firms in that the same helps in gaining food products that aptly meet the food regulations and standards of the European Union (Custance et al., 2012). Influence of Substitutes Food and grocery retail and wholesale firms based in United Kingdom face potential competition from local shops and retailers that tend to attract large number of consumers based on generation of food and grocery products at reduced prices and also tailor made to meet individual needs (The Guardian , 2014). Internal Rivalry The grocery and food retail sector based in United Kingdom is observed to have become largely competitive owing to the existence of larger retail firms like Tesco, Sainsbury and Morrisons. Further, the entry of discount retailers like Aldi and Lidl are observed to enhance the level of competitiveness in the market (The Guardian , 2014). Entry Barriers The existence of reduced entry barriers relating to the United Kingdom retail sector encourages foreign firms for generating an entry into the market based on developing effective partnerships with local and regional import firms. The same helps foreign food and grocery retail and wholesale firms for gaining potential entry in the region (Vasquez, 2016). Influence of UK Governments Merger and Acquisition Policy The United Kingdom governments policy on mergers and acquisition is observed to be a protectionist measure generated for protecting the plight of the local and regional small grocery and food retail firms from the expansion policy based on acquisition practices of bigger retail firms in that the major retailers majorly focus on acquiring small and unorganised retail outlets and companies for gaining large scale penetration in the region. The above protectionist measure of the UK Government is also expected for largely deterring the expansion programs of Carrefour in United Kingdom in that Carrefours expansion programs are largely dependent on acquisition activities. The Office of Fair Trade (OFT) relating to the United Kingdom government largely governs and monitors the merger and acquisition policy of the big retail firms in that the same helps in generating equal opportunity for the small and local retailers in attracting potential consumers and thereby in gaining needed potential for competing with the large scale grocery and food retail firms operating in the region (Seely, 2012). Further, the merger and acquisition policy of the United Kingdom government also focuses on governing the pricing decisions of the food and grocery retail firms such that food and grocery products are generated to the consumers at reduced prices. The UK Government herein encourages the growth of mergers in the region such that the individual grocery and retail firms lose their potential for charging increased prices from the consumers. The above initiative undertaken by the United Kingdom government potentially acts as an effective incentive for the United Kingdom consumers. From the viewpoint of the grocery and food retail and wholesale firms the above decision of the United Kingdom government is observed to affect their profit and revenue margins owing to the requirement of generating food and grocery products at affordable prices (Hosken et al., 2012). Use of Kurt Lewins Change Model Kurt Lewins Model of organisational change is essentially constituted by three different stages viz. Unfreezing, Changing and Freezing. In the Unfreezing stage, the business institutions focus on encouraging the introduction of changes in the existing business and organisational policies based on reflecting to the internal people the consequences, advantages and benefits that would incur owing to the generation of needed changes. The second stage, Changes reflect on the different types of structural, behavioural and organisational changes that are required to be introduced for helping the business organisation to meet the enhanced business and organisational objectives. Finally, the Freezing stage reflects on the generation of new policies and procedures such that the same helps in enforcing of new guidelines and regulations that would be needed for aptly meeting the institutional and business related objectives (Cummings Worley, 2014). Reflecting on the case of Carrefours expansion endeavour to United Kingdom, the Unfreezing stage is addressed based on reflecting on the potential advantages that can be gained by Carrefour based on its expansion to United Kingdom. The demand of the UK consumers regarding the gaining of quality food products at affordable prices and also their intentions of marketing based on the virtual environment is observed to generate increased opportunities for Carrefour in United Kingdom (Schroeder, 2012). Reflecting on the Change stage, the management of Carrefour is required to continually train its staffs to communicate based on formal British English. Further, the management and staffs of Carrefour is also required to understand the significance for undertaking of meetings in a frequent fashion and also for working for longer hours as required to be conducted by the United Kingdom based retail and wholesale firms. Carrefours management is also required to encourage the development of effective presentations both for introducing new policies and rules and also for communicating the same to staffs at different levels (Nanquette, 2013). Finally, the aspect of Refreezing is required to be met by Carrefours management based on generation of rules and policies encouraging people to work based on a team environment and setting. The management is required to potentially encourage the development of collaborative relationships in that the same helps in meeting business and organisational objectives in a shared fashion (Nanquette, 2013). Conclusions The analysis conducted reflects potential opportunities and challenges that would be incurred by Carrefour based on its expansion endeavours in the United Kingdom food and grocery retail market. Carrefour is analysed to gain advantages of potential opportunities regarding the existence of increased demand of British consumers for conducting purchases on the virtual platform and also for gaining of quality products at affordable prices. Similarly, the political and economic paradigm of the UK market is also analysed to be conducive for Carrefours international operations in the region. However, the existence of stringent regulatory structures regarding mergers and acquisitions is observed to affect the expansion drives of Carrefour in the UK food and grocery retail market. The use of the Kurt Lewin change model is also incorporated to reflect on the necessary changes that are required to be carried out by Carrefour for developing an effective presence in United Kingdom. References Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2011. The United Kingdom - A Sophisticated Retail Sector. [Online] Available at: https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-region/europe/market-intelligence/the-united-kingdom-a-sophisticated-retail-sector/?id=1410083148597 [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Bevis, M., 2014. The future of the grocery sector in the UK. [Online] Available at: https://www.retailthinktank.co.uk/whitepaper/the-future-of-the-grocery-sector-in-the-uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Cummings, T.G. Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization Development and Change. United States : Cengage Learning. Custance, P., Harness, D. Lindgreen, A., 2012. Market Orientation: Transforming Food and Agribusiness around the Customer. United Kingdom : Gower Publishing. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs , 2016. Total Factor Productivity of the United Kingdom Food Chain 2014 - provisional estimate. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/495683/foodchainanalysis-productivity-statsnotice-28jan16.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2016]. GOV.UK, 2013. Organic certification and standards. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/organic-certification-and-standards [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Hosken, D., Olson, L.M. Smith, L.K., 2012. Do Retail Mergers Affect Competition? Evidence from Grocery Retailing. Washington DC: FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION. Nanquette, L., 2013. Orientalism Versus Occidentalism: Literary and Cultural Imaging Between France and Iran Since the Islamic Revolution. France : I.B.Tauris. OECD, 2013. Competition Issues in the Food Chain Industry. [Online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/CompetitionIssuesintheFoodChainIndustry.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Retail Economics , 2015. Outlook for the retail sector in 2015. [Online] Available at: https://www.retaileconomics.co.uk/insights/outlook-for-the-retail-sector-in-2015.asp [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Schroeder, A., 2012. Entry strategy for Carrefour for entry into the UK market. United Kingdom : GRIN Verlag. Seely, A., 2012. Supermarkets : competition inquiries into the groceries market. United Kingdom: House of Commons. The Guardian , 2014. Brutal competition batters supermarkets the world over. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/05/supermarkets-discounters-europe-us-china-japan [Accessed 27 March 2016]. Vasquez, J., 2016. United Kingdom Retail Foods 2015. United Kingdom: GAIN Report. Wood, S. McCarthy, D., 2013. The UK Food Retail Race for Space and Market Saturation: A Contemporary Review. [Online] Available at: https://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/797766/1/The%20UK%20Food%20Retail%20Race%20for%20Space.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2016].

The Controversy of Paying Amateur Athletes free essay sample

The benefits of receiving an athletic college scholarship are great. Although the benefits or pros of the scholarship are incredible and helps the student receive an education, it doesn’t allow them to live properly. Famous college basketball player, Shabazz Napier said he â€Å"went to bed starving† because he simply â€Å"didn’t have any money to get food† (Edelman The Case for Paying†). This is just one example of many athletes being malnourished because of their sport’s inflexible schedules. The balance of studies, sports, jobs, and personal lives is incredibly challenging for these young scholars. The National Collegiate Athletic Association should allow their athletes to be paid, to a certain extent, by their universities/colleges due to their busy lives as students. Excessively engaged in work These students have extremely busy lives. Alumni or former students can often relate to the â€Å"Freshman Fifteen† and the longing for the need to fit in. We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Paying Amateur Athletes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The desire of people wanting to be a part of something when they convene with dissimilar surroundings is great. Students often try to be inducted into clubs, sororities, or fraternities when they first reach their universities. The students are also under a lot of academic pressure. Keeping up with studies is very critical when receiving a scholarship. Students also go under the stress of missing their homes. Going away to college may be the first time these scholars are not familiar with their surroundings. All of these factors lead to the nervous tension that university athletes receive on a daily basis. On average, a typical Division I college football player dedicates 43.3 hours per week to his sport.This is 3.3 more hours than the typical American work week (21 Reasons Why). The average college football player is working overtime on a job he is not even getting paid for. The strain of juggling work and social life can overall stress the athletes to the highest degree. Substantial Revenue These college competitors also bring in a substantial amount of revenue for their universities. The college sports industry generates $11 billion in annual revenues. Fifty colleges report annual revenues that exceed $50 million. Meanwhile, five colleges report annual revenues that exceed $100 million (Koba). These revenues come from numerous sources, including ticket sales, sponsorship rights, and the sale of broadcast rights. The National Collegiate Athletic Association recently sold broadcast rights to its annual mens basketball tournament for upwards of $770 million per season. And the Big Ten Conference has launched its own television network that sells air time to sponsors during the broadcast of its football and mens basketball games. These college sports revenues are passed along to NCAA executives, athletic directors and coaches in the form of salaries (Schwartz). The students get nothing. In 2011, NCAA members paid their association president, Mark Emmer t, $1.7 million. Head football coaches at the 44 NCAA Bowl Championship Series schools received on average $2.1 million in salaries. The highest paid public employee in 40 of the 50 U.S. states is the state universitys head football or basketball coach. At the University Of Alabama the head football coach, Nick Saban, recently signed a contract paying him $7 million per year – more than 160 times the average wage of a Tuscaloosa public school teacher. Former college quarterback, Johnny Manziel brought in about 24 million dollars in profits for his school’s athletic department. Texas A made enormous amounts of funds off of Johnny’s appearance and merchandise. The school made millions of just one of the players on the team. Manziel did not get one cut out of the money that was made.The NCAA defends its no-pay rules on several dubious grounds. In addition, the NCAA claims that compensating student-athletes would create a Title IX problem. They believe that because the average Division I mens basketball coach earns nearly twice as much in salary as the average Division I womens basketball coach. NCAA members have not suggested terminating the pay of college basketball coaches to resolve this concern. The argument in favor of allowing colleges to pay their student-athletes comes down to economic efficiency, distributive justice and a reasonable interpretation of antitrust laws. By contrast, the argument against allowing pay to student-athletes arises mainly from greed and self-interest (Schwartz). Harming Education College athletes are also given a â€Å"free† education that they cannot even benefit from. In our society, college sports have become a â€Å"massively commercialized industry† which has become â€Å"harmful to education† (Zimbalist). Big-time college sports embody the ideals of amateurism and provide an important complement to university education. Or so its apologists would have us believe. As Andrew Zimbalist illustrated that college sports are really a massively commercialized industry based on activities that are often irrelevant and even harmful to education. Zimbalist combined groundbreaking empirical research and a talent for storytelling to provide a firm, factual basis for the many arguments that currently rage about the goals, history, structure, incentive system, and legal architecture of college sports. He painted a picture of an organization in frantic need of reform Zimbalist also demonstrated in his analysis that â€Å"todays problems are nothing new that schools have been consumed for more than a century by debates about cheating, commercialism, and the erosion of educational principles† (Zimbalist). Although the NCAA claims college athletes are just students, the NCAA’s own tournament schedules require college athletes to miss classes for nationally televised games that bring in revenue. Currently, the NCAA Division I football championship is played on a Monday night.This year, the national football championship game required Florida State football players to miss the first day of spring classes. Meanwhile, the annual NCAA men’s basketball tournament affects more than six days of classes. At some schools, the road to the NCAA men’s basketball championship may require student-athletes to miss up to a quarter of all class days during their spring semester (21 Reasons Why). These students often miss precious â€Å"free† classes that they could not attend to because of the NCAA. Athletes cannot learn from classes that they miss. These schedules are affecting these students academically and are not letting them benefit from this form of payment from their universities. On the Contrast Some would say that athletic scholarships provide kids with the opportunity to become successful, go to the college of their dreams, and develop as young adult in a real institutionary campus. Although full-ride scholarships provide students with some benefits, it does not cover the cons. The scholarship does not pay for food, water, or nutrients for the athlete. The NCAA also believes that it will lead to a Title IX problem, which is when one gender receives more benefits/ pay than the other. The assumption that men college athletes would be paid more than women’s is simply absurd. Male athletes do not currently receive â€Å"better scholarships† because they are male. These hypothetical’s made up by the NCAA are preventing the students from receiving a proper education and living. A Proper Solution/Conclusion The National Collegiate Athletic Association should get eliminate full-ride scholarships and pay the athletes annually, to a certain extent. They should not be paid like professionals but be paid to a suitable degree. The NCAA has set rules and regulations which restrict colleges from compensating their athletes. More harm comes to the student than positives. These students have very important lives, don’t get reimbursed, and it affects their education. An all expenses paid scholarship only provides them with education. Scholarships like these do not benefit athletes. These amateurs should be able to have reimbursements instead of an all expenses paid scholarship. Works Cited Edelman, Marc. 21 Reasons Why Student-Athletes Are Employees. Forbes. Forbes c Magazine, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. Edelman, Marc. The Case for Paying College Athletes. US News. U.S.News World Report, 6 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. Koba, Mark. Student-Athletes to Get Paid? It Looks That Way NBC News. NBC News. N.p., 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. Video. Schwartz, Nelson D., and Steve Eder. College Athletes Aim to Put Price on Priceless. New York Times 28 Mar. 2014: A1(L). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. Print. Zimbalist, Andrew. Unpaid Professionals: Commercialism and Conflict in Big-Time College Sports. By Andrew Zimbalist, 1999. Princeton University Press, 1999. Web. 23Oct.2014. Print .

The Russians Renamed St. Petersburg Three Times in a Century

The Russians Renamed St. Petersburg Three Times in a Century St. Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, and throughout history, it has been known by a few different names. In the more than 300 years since it was established, St. Petersburg has also been known as Petrograd and Leningrad, though its also known as Sankt-Peterburg (in Russian), Petersburg, and just plain Peter. The city has a population of about 5 million people. Visitors there take in the architecture, especially historic buildings along the Neva River and its canals and tributaries flowing in the city that connect Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland. Being so far north, in the middle of summer, the citys daylight extends nearly 19 hours. Terrain includes coniferous forests, sand dunes, and beaches. Why all of the names for a single city? To understand the many aliases of St. Petersburg, look no further than the citys long, tumultuous history.   1703: St. Petersburg Peter the Great founded the port city of St. Petersburg on the very western edge of Russia in 1703 in a marshy floodplain. Located on the Baltic Sea, he desired to have the new city mirror the great Western cities of Europe, where he had traveled while studying in his youth. Amsterdam was one of the primary influences on the czar, and the name St. Petersburg has a distinctly  Dutch-German influence. 1914: Petrograd St. Petersburg saw its first name change in 1914 when World War I broke out. The Russians thought that the name sounded too German, and it was given a more Russian-sounding name. The Petro start of the name retains the history of honoring Peter the Great.The -grad  portion is a common suffix used in a number of Russian cities and localities. 1924: Leningrad It was only 10 years that St. Petersburg was known as Petrograd because in 1917 the Russian Revolution 503 changed everything for the country, including the citys name. At the beginning of the year, the Russian monarchy was overthrown, and by years end, the Bolsheviks had taken control. This led to the worlds first communist government. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin led the Bolsheviks, and in 1922 the Soviet Union was created. After Lenins death in 1924, Petrograd became known as Leningrad to honor the former leader. 1991: St. Petersburg Fast-forward through almost 70 years of the communist government to the fall of the USSR. In the years that followed, many places in the country were renamed, and Leningrad became St. Petersburg once again. Historical buildings saw renovation and rejuvenation. Changing the city name back to its original name did not come without controversy. In 1991, the citizens of Leningrad were given the opportunity to vote on the name change. As reported in the New York Times at the time, some people saw restoring the citys name to St. Petersburg as a way to forget the decades of turmoil during communist rule and an opportunity to reclaim its original Russian heritage. The Bolsheviks, on the other hand, saw the change as an insult to Lenin. In the end, St. Petersburg was returned to its original name, but you will still find some people who refer to the city as Leningrad.

Analysis of how & why I formed my view about one issue to do with Essay

Analysis of how & why I formed my view about one issue to do with equality - Essay Example Although there are provisions that would benefit learners with disability, the move for equality in education did not quite reach the expectations of the disabled people and their families especially in the equal distribution of quality education, specifically on adjusted treatment of teachers and peer acceptance and government assistance. Prevalence of Disabled People in Education in the United Kingdom Quality education remains to be one of the existing challenges for learners with special needs. Chapter 3 of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) monitoring paper explores the international perspective of the problem and contends that present educational systems failed to address the needs of the marginalized, especially for the disabled, of quality education (UNESCO, 2010). In the United Kingdom, the Department for Education initiated the SEN or the Special Education Needs to meet a diverse population of disabled people. Between the y ears 2005 and 2006, the population of learners with disability rose considerably, where a 6% raise was recorded by the Office for Disability Issues. Although the record is already relatively high, this is not enough to conclude that discrimination among these people does not exist. As what Barnes (1991, p. 28) argues, discrimination against the disabled people is a fact in the present educational system. Discrimination against Disabled People in Education A common thought persists that education is supposed to be an area in which people can be equal regardless of their status, gender, or abilities, that individuals have the right to achieve educational success; however, this might just be the contrary to what the real scenario suggests. Discrimination, especially for the disabled individuals is prevalent at any educational levels despite the laws forbidding it. Tracing the history of education in the United Kingdom, it is clear that the disabled population were the least of the conc erns of the government. In the book by Barnes (1991, p. 29), it is stated that the Education Act of 1944 upheld â€Å"equality of education† for all its citizens but â€Å"the idea of equality, however, did not extend to children with impairments.† The idea brings the thought that mainstream education was at the time an absolute standard. The ‘equality for all in education’ scheme called for segregation of disabled and ‘subnormal’ learners from the normal learning class. Fortunately, the Education Act of 1981 provided broader opportunities for children with special needs. Not only that the provision guided the disabled people for better and broader educational opportunities but also emphasized the roles of some professions, directly or indirectly helping special children (Barnes, 1991, p. 34). Through inclusion system, the disabled individual is provided an opportunity to be involved in the mainstream classroom. Educational inclusion is an â⠂¬Å"action to remove barriers to participation in learning† (Anon., n.d.), which follows that learners with impairments are actually included in the standard classrooms. This would provide them the chance to interact with ‘normal’ learners, and serve as a practice for future involvement in the workforce. This may be a sound goal for the Department for Education but Abrams (2004) did not believe that

The Veil and Muslim Womens Behavior Research Paper

The Veil and Muslim Womens Behavior - Research Paper Example The way Muslim women dress is strongly influenced by religious rules. The fundamental principle can be found in the Quran, which prescribes dress requirements for both men and women. This is important because the Islamic text functions as the code of ethics of Islamic societies and that it, certainly, is the basis of the norms by which Muslims live by. Therefore, while the text merely advises, they were closely followed across the Islamic world. Sura 24, 31-32, specifically prescribes the use of adornments for women. To quote:They shall not reveal any parts of their bodies, except that which necessary. They shall cover their chests, and shall not relax this code in the presence of their husbands, their fathers, the fathers of their husbands, their sons, their brothers, the sons of their brothers, other women, the male servants or employees whose sexual drive has been nullified, or the children who have not reached puberty (Sura 24:31).The above text has different interpretations from different Islamic communities. However, it set the standards by which women dress themselves by explicitly stating the rationale behind the rule. This is the reason why women in Muslim countries wore the veil. This piece of clothing depicts all that this paper is interested about. Its usage is typified by several cultural connotations that is why it influences the way women behave and act.The veil or hijab is the answer to the requirement of covering women’s body up to an acceptable degree.... This piece of clothing depicts all that this paper is interested about. Its usage is typified by several cultural connotations that is why it influences the way women behave and act. The Veil The veil or hijab is the answer to the requirement of covering women’s body up to an acceptable degree. This latter element to the rule gave Sura 24: 31 slightly different interpretations across the Muslim world, which resulted to the variations in how the veil is worn. But the fact remains that the veil became a cultural tool to depict and enforce what is considered ideal behavior in women. Numerous scholars have explained this theme and one may be sure that several interpretations were also posited. Gabriel cited some of the most important of these. He cited to important schools. The first is the Islamic perspective wherein women are being protected and supposedly â€Å"liberated† because the veil allows them to determine and be reminded of the importance of certain ideal behavio r such as piety, honor, modesty and the concept of guarding morality (4). This is the ideal principle as espoused by the core Islamic belief system on women. Many Islamic women choose to wear the veil on their own accord. In a survey, for example, it was found that 9 out of 10 women in all age groups in Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan approved of the Islamic dress code norm (Hassan 191). The other school explains that the veil became a tool for Islamic communities to isolate women and restrict them from participating in the public sphere. Both of these schools have valid arguments, but what is significant is the way they both highlight how the veil can impact behavior through the sheer symbolisms and norms it represents. Taking the view of the Islamic scholars, the veil

Rehabilitation in Prisons Does it Really Work

Rehabilitation in Prisons Does it Really Work There are many issues that have plagued the criminal justice system for decades. However, the issues of the past are much the same as the issues we are dealing with today. Some of the issues we are currently facing are drugs, the overcrowding of jails and prisons, organized crime, juvenile justice, youth violence, adult probation, parole, re-entry, prison, over-criminalization, and many more. Drug-related offenses have been steadily increasing and reaching record highs for the past few years. In 2006, the United States arrested approximately 1.89 million people for drug-related offenses, up from 581,000 in 1980, (Priority Issues: Substance Abuse, para. 1). Many people arrested for drug-related offenses were incarcerated for non-violent crimes, even though they were not direct threats to society. Incarcerating these offenders seemed to be the best way to insure that they stopped using drugs. Citizens of the United States have the right to question whether or not we are accomplishing that goal through incarceration. One of the major issues in the juvenile justice system is juveniles being tried as adults. Some people think that juveniles are tried as adults because of the nature of the crime, while others feel that juveniles are not mentally and emotionally developed enough to fully understand the impact of their actions, nor how they will affect victims and families. There are also concerns about the lack of intervention methods to help the troubled youths in our communities. Some of these trouble youths simply slip through the cracks and end up in the criminal justice system for the rest of their lives, even though a lot of them could have been saved from a life of crime if there had been intervention methods available to them during important stages of their lives. The need for probation for nonviolent offenders is something of an issue. Low-risk and first-time nonviolent offenders are taken away from their families, jobs, and communities and placed in the prison system, which may do them more harm than good. When these types of offenders are placed into the correctional system, they are surrounded by dangerous offenders whom have the opportunity to transform them into career criminals. They are also unable to pay restitution to their victims while they are incarcerated. When spending taxpayer money on criminal justice, it is counterproductive and wasteful to enact policies that create more criminals, rather than enacting policies that reduce the incidence of crime, (Priority Issues: Adult Probation, para. 1). Probation gives an alternative to prison for some low-risk and nonviolent offenders. It is pointless to take offenders off the streets and not think how the prison system will affect their return to society. The most profound issue is one that has been considered off-limits to a reform: prisons. In June 2006, the Commission on Safety and Abuse in Americas Prisons found that at any given time there are more than two million people incarcerated. Over the course of a year, 13.5 million people spend time in jail or prison, and 95% of them eventually return to our communities, (Summary of Findings and Recommendations, pg. 1). It costs the United States more than $60 billion a year to incarcerate offenders, many of which are re-offenders. Offenders should be adequately rehabilitated while in prison in order for them to become productive members of society, to reduce recidivism rates, to reduce costs, and to enhance the safety of communities. Prisons play a critical role in society. In many cases-particularly cases of violent crime-the best way to handle criminal behavior is to incapacitate criminals by incarcerating them, (Priority Issues: Prisons, para. 1). In 2009, there were 760,400 people incarcerated in jails and 1,524,513 people in prisons in the United States. For these more than two million inmates, life can be terrifying and difficult. Some of our jails and prisons are unsafe, unhealthy, unproductive, inhumane and quickly unraveling. Some prisons are overrun with gang violence and extremely overcrowded. Many inmates have to deal with the harsh conditions of prisoner rape, gang violence, excessive force used by corrections officers, contagious diseases, and much more. It is estimated that one out of every 100 adults in the United States are guests of jails and prisons, a total population of about 2.3 million people. Although the United States accounts for only 5% of the worlds total population, American prisons house 25% of the worlds prison population, (A Hard Look, para. 2). Take Indianas prison population for example. Between 2000 and 2010, the prison population increased 47 percent from 19,309 to 28,389. Due to this increase, spending on corrections also increased 37 percent from $495 million to $679 million. The increase in the prison population is nothing new. Over the past 25 years, the war on drugs has caused the prison population to increase tremendously. Based on current estimations, there will not be a change in the number of inmates this year. SCRAMx estimates that there will be a 13 percent increase in the prison population, costing American taxpayers and state and local budgets approximately $27.5 billion. Incarceration is not an equal opportunity punishment, as many people may believe. Many inmates come from disadvantage backgrounds, most do not have a high school diploma, and some can barely even read. Only a portion was actually employed before they went to prison, and some made less than $5,000 a year (Prison Facts, para. 4). As of June 30, 2009, there were 1,309,668 men incarcerated in state prisons; 693,800 were white men, 841,000 were black men, and 442,000 were Hispanic men. Black men only represent about six percent of the American population, but they represent over 40 percent of the American prison population. Black non-Hispanic males, with an incarceration rate of 4,749 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, were incarcerated at a rate more than six times higher than white non-Hispanic males (708 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents) and 2.6 times higher than Hispanic males (1,822 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents), (Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009-Statistical Tables, pg. 2). Bl ack men between the ages of 30 and 34 had the highest incarceration rate of any age, gender group, or race. In June 2009, there were 101,233 women in state prisons. There were 92,100 white women, 64,800 black women, and 32,300 Hispanic women incarcerated in state facilities. There were also 94,498 non-U.S. citizens in state and federal facilities and another 2,778 inmates under the age of 18 in state prisons. Health care in some U.S. prisons leaves something to be desired. Of the roughly two million state inmates, nearly half suffer from a chronic illness that requires some type of medical treatment, such as diabetes, hypertension, a previous heart attack, or a previously diagnosed cancer. Compared to non-incarcerated citizens, inmates in state jails we 31% more likely to have asthma, 55% more likely to have diabetes, and 90% more likely to have suffered a heart attack, (Many in U.S. Prisons Lack Good Health Care, para. 1). In 2007, there were approximately 3,388 prisoners who died while incarcerated. Of that, 2,860 of those died from illnesses, 120 died from AIDS, 214 committed suicide, 57 were killed, 41 died from drug and alcohol intoxication, 28 died accidently, and 68 died from unknown causes. (See Table 1.) Source: Data from Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 7 February 2011 Prison health care in California was so lacking that in May 2005, a federal judge threatened a takeover of their health care system. Judge Thelton E. Henderson cited the terrible medical treatment inmates received from bad doctors in miserable facilities. He also found that the management of HIV patients was irresponsible. Judge Henderson came to the conclusion that the lack of proper medical attention, bad doctors and facilities, and the mismanagement of HIV patients all contributed to inmate deaths, (Federal Judge Threatens Takeover of CA Prison Health Care System, para. 1). According to the Eighth Amendment concerning cruel and unusual punishment, prisoners have a constitutional right to receive proper health care. Considering the fact that incarceration is so costly, it is alarming that we do not ensure that inmates receive the basic care that would aid in their rehabilitation. According to the Indiana State Constitution, the penal code shall be founded on the principles of reformation, and not of vindictive justice, (Top 10 Department Fact, para. ____). The state of Indiana is required to provide medical and dental treatment to inmates. There is no reason why health care in prison should suffer, especially if proper health care could help reduce recidivism rates. For much of the last 30 years, overcrowding has been a major problem in our prison system. Federal and state prisons and county jails are reaching near-disastrous levels of being over their capacity because we have tried for so many years to incarcerate our way out of crime. However, operating budgets and funding for new facilities have both been greatly reduced, and over the next few years it will more than likely get worse. On October 5, 2006, because of the overcrowded prisons in California, Governor Schwarzenegger issued an emergency proclamation to allow the transfer of inmates to other states to ease their burden. This emergency transfer of inmates did not ease enough of their burden considering that the prisons were still 70 percent over capacity at the end of 2006. In order to relieve more stress on the prisons, Governor Schwarzenegger announced another plan to release some of the nonviolent criminal early in February 2007. By April of 2007, California legislators approved a program to construct new facilities, costing the state another $8.3 billion. The cost of housing and caring for the more than two million jail and prison inmates has quadrupled over the last ten years. Most states even spend more money on jails and prisons than they do on education. Over the course of the last 20 years, the amount of money spent on prisons was increased by 570% while that spent on elementary and secondary education was increased by only 33%, (Prison Facts, para. 8). We spend upwards of $60 billion a year to house our prisoners, which exceeds any other nation, but we do not receive much of a return on that investment when you take into consideration the crime and recidivism rates. Despite the emphasis put on people in America to seek counseling when they need it, rehabilitation in our jails and prisons has failed dramatically. Rehabilitation is a programmed effort to alter the attitudes and behaviors of inmates and improve their likelihood of becoming law-abiding citizens, (Seiter, pg. 32). Rehabilitation programs in the prison system are important to both recidivism and an offenders re-entry into society. When an offender enters a county jail, the Sheriffs Department uses a special system to classify inmates and assign them to a certain area of the jail. They are classified based on their age, gender, frequency and type of offense, their health and mental state, and sexual orientation. Once an inmate is assigned to their cell, they are assigned to rehabilitation programs, if any are available. Inmate rehabilitation and treatment programs are few and far between in county facilities. County facilities only provide rehabilitation opportunities to a selected few inmates. A general questionnaire distributed to Texas county sheriffs or their administrators indicated that larger jails were more likely to have both inmate education and substance abuse treatment programs than smaller jails, (The Rehabilitation Dilemma in Texas County Jails, pg. 1). There were not many facilities that reported having comprehensive or sophisticated programs, and many reported having no programs at all. The entry process for state inmates is much the same as for county jail inmates. Prison inmates are assessed in a Reception Diagnostic Center where they are scored on the Classification Designation Instrument. Points are assessed according to length of sentence, seriousness of offense, violence in the offense, escape histories, substance abuse problems, conduct while incarcerated, etc, (Top 10 Department Facts, para. 11). Once these points have been assessed, a score is calculated to determine of the inmate should be housed in a minimum, medium, or maximum security facility. The score is then compared to security level criteria of the prisons to ensure the inmate is housed in the correct facility. For example, sex and violent offenders are not eligible to be placed into minimum security prisons; therefore, they would be placed into medium or maximum security facilities based on their scores. According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics Report in Corrections Digest (2001), only 40% of the nations jails and prisons offer drug rehabilitation programs, (The Rehabilitation Dilemma in Texas County Jails, pg. 1). This report also suggests that only about half of the inmates receive drug treatment even though nearly 75 percent have substance abuse problems. The state of Indiana is one state that offers many rehabilitation programs to their inmates, such as substance abuse programs, vocational programs, educational programs, housing programs, family improvement programs, and humanitarian programs. By focusing on character, education, family, housing, employment, and health, the corrections department is able to break down the barriers of re-entry and still be able to promote public safety. These programs focus on reducing recidivism, rehabilitation, and re-entry into our communities. The Indiana Department of Corrections offers substance abuse programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Crystal Meth Anonymous, Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever (CLIFF), Outpatient Substance Abuse Program, and Therapeutic Communities (TC). Of these substance abuse programs, Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever and Therapeutic Communities have demonstrated a positive impact on recidivism rates which are almost half that of the states overall recidivism rate for the inmates who successfully complete the programs. Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever (CLIFF) is designed for inmates whose lives have been impaired by the use of methamphetamines. The programs lasts a minimum of eight months, 12 to 15 hours a day of behavioral counseling. It helps them to overcome their addiction, build social skills that are accepted in society, and job interviewing skills. Therapeutic Communities (TC) is designed for inmates who have severe drug addictions. The format of Therapeutic Communities is much the same as the CLIFF program. Both CLIFF and TC programs also work on inmates personal and peer relationship skills in their recovery process. In order to prepare inmates for successful re-entry into society, Indiana Department of Correction also offers many educational programs. The Department found that approximately 34 percent of inmates are functionally illiterate. In the 2008/2009 school year, 4,658 inmates enrolled in the Literacy Education program. Of those, 1,264 demonstrated a sixth grade literacy level at the end of the school year. GED instruction is also offered to inmates. During the 2008/2009 school year, 4,658 inmates also enrolled in GED programs with 1,660 inmates successfully completed the program. If inmates decide to further their education and obtain a college degree, Indiana has a partnership with six colleges and universities that offer on-site education. Each year there are about 1,000 inmates that receive their associate and bachelor degrees. However, it is up to the inmates to pay for their college education. The Indiana Department of Correction has also partnered with the Department of Labor to create Registered Apprenticeship programs to train inmates in industries such as construction, manufacturing, health care, electric, information technology, and telecommunications. This program connects qualified inmates with employers looking for qualified employees. This supports their re-entry into the community and can help them overcome the obstacles encountered by ex-offenders seeking employment, (Programs, para. 4). There are also Vocational Education programs, ranging from auto body to welding, that are available to inmates. There were 4,237 inmates who enrolled in Vocational Education programs and 2,133 received recognized certifications during the 2008/2009 school year. In order to enhance the relationship between inmates and their families, Department of Correction offers two programs, The Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) and the Responsible Fatherhood Program. PREP encourages inmates to maintain and strengthen their relationship with their families. The Responsible Fatherhood Program provides inmates with the skills to be better fathers. This programs utilizes materials from the National Fatherhood Initiative, 24/7 Dad, and Inside Out Dad to give offenders the skills they need to be better role models for their children. Indiana Department of Correction also offers a multitude of different humanitarian programs. The dog, cat, and horse rescue programs take hard to adopt dogs and cats from local animal shelters and work with them to become adoptable. The Thoroughbred Horse Retirement program rescues retired race horses from needless abuse and slaughter. Inmates involved in the Indiana Canine Assistant program train assistance dogs for children and adults with physical and developmental disabilities. Shifting Gears refurbishes bicycles for children and adults in need of transportation, and Wheels for the World restores donated wheelchairs and other rehabilitation equipment to be shipped overseas for disabled people. These programs teach the inmates how to work together, gives them skills to use when they get out of prison, and gives them a sense of pride for doing something to positively contribute to the community. The Department also offers a faith-based program, Purposeful Living Units Serve (PLUS) Program. The PLUS Program is a faith- and character-based community that encourages offenders to choose alternatives to criminal thinking and behavior by providing a focus on spiritual and character development, life-skills training, community service, and intentional preparation for living as law-abiding citizens, (Programs, para. 13). The rehabilitation programs in state prisons focus on important areas of character, education, employment, health, and family. However, the road to re-entry does not end there. Prior to an inmates release, there are quite a few steps that need to be taken to improve their chances at succeeding in society. Most prisons offer programs to soon-to-be-released inmates, such as housing programs, health services programs, and workforce programs, to name a few. Some prisons have partnered with state and county departments such as Family and Social Services, Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Department of Workforce Development, Housing and Community Development Authority, Legal Services, State Department of Health, and the Social Security Administration to help inmates have a smoother transition into society. The Bureau of Motor Vehicles issues state identification cards to inmates prior to their release. Family and Social Services helps inmates apply for Medicaid, Food Stamps, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) so that they have access to medical care, food, and a little money to start their new life. The Department of Workforce Development aids inmates in finding employment. The Housing and Community Development Authority in Indiana has signed a Memorandum of Understanding to implement a program to provide rental subsidies to selected parolees in certain counties. Legal Services provide some legal assistance to inmates for suspende d drivers licenses and child support and the Social Security Administration helps inmates apply for Supplemental Security Income (SSI). When it comes to people in the correctional system, society fears those who escape from prison and those who are released from prison. Even though the idea of an escaped prisoner is terrifying, we all know that law enforcement will have them back in prison before long. However, released inmates can be even more terrifying. They live among us, drive among us, and work with us. Of the thousands of inmates released from state and local facilities each year, approximately 67 percent will re-offend, be arrested again, and get put back in prison. That fact alone is terrifying. Indiana Department of Correction defines recidivism as an offender who is re-incarcerated within three years of being released from prison. There are quite a few theories floating around as to why ex-offenders recidivate. One theory is being labeled as a convict. A person being known as a convict, or even as an ex-convict, makes gaining employment extremely difficult, especially for those who are actually trying to straighten out their lives. If an ex-convict is unable to find employment, they have no money and end up resorting to criminal activity in order to survive. Another theory is that some ex-convicts needed certain rehabilitation programs, but the programs were unavailable to them. Some ex-convicts believe that if they had received the assistance they needed while incarcerated, they would not have recidivated. Based on the most current published data collected from a 1994 study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 70.7 percent of released offenders were arrested within three years of being released for committing a new crime, 45 percent were taken to court within two years of their release for committing a new crime, 23 percent were convicted of a new crime within a year of their release, 8.6 percent were put back in prison for a conviction of a new crime within six months, and 27.3 percent were convicted and re-incarcerated for a new crime within three years. (See Figure 1.) Figure 1. Prisoner Recidivism Source: Date from Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoner Recidivism Analysis, 7 February 2011 Prison Reformation Plan The reformation of our prison system is a must if we want to reduce crime and costs, properly rehabilitate offenders, and protect our communities. There are many people in the United States who feel that the prison system puts too much focus on punishment and not enough emphasis on rehabilitation and preparing inmates for re-entry into society. Violence, overcrowding, poor medical and mental health care, and numerous other issues have plagued the jails and prisons in the United States. In order to alleviate some of the problems in the prison system, a few changes are going to have to be made. All states need to have some version of the Three-Strikes Law. The Three-Strike law significantly increases the prison sentences of persons convicted of felonies who have been previously convicted of a violent or serious felony, and limits the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than a prison sentence, (The Three-Strikes and Youre Out Law, para. 3). One thing to remember is that all Three-Strikes cases require that the offender has had two previous serious or violent convictions. The prosecutor is also required to file the offenders prior offenses along with the new charges. Judges and prosecutors do have the ability to strike previous offenses in cases that they think the offender is worthy. In most cases, a third strike is 25 years to life, not life in prison without the possibility of parole. As of 1996, there were 24 states with the Three-Strikes Law in affect. In California, the Three-Strikes Law was passed in 1994. A study was done by the California Department of Justice and the California Department of Corrections comparing crime rates ten years before the Three-Strikes Law and ten years after. From 1985 to 1993, there were approximately 8,825,353 crimes committed in California. From 1994 to 2002, there were only 6,780,964 crimes committed. To put the facts into a better perspective, from 1994 to 1996, California had 6,738 less murders; 230,337 less robberies; 1,283,088 less burglaries; 18,571 less rapes; and 101,379 less assaults. This added up to a savings of approximately $28.5 billion in California (A Decade of Difference, pg. 3). Inmates need to be required to have medical insurance prior to their release. Inmates need to be required to show proof of medical insurance to the Department of Corrections before they are released from prison. Some states, like Indiana, have partnered with Family and Social Services to help inmates apply for Medicaid. Many people believe that ex-convicts have a better chance of not recidivating if they have access to proper medical care. Inmates need to have adequate health care in prison. Inmates need to know how to properly take care of their health and the first step to that is good medical treatment while incarcerated. Even small improvements in medical care could help reduce recidivism rates. Even though we can legally deprive inmates of their liberty, we cannot allow them to be neglected the medical care they need. Theres some alarming data that suggests that those inmates with chronic conditions dont get the care they need when incarcerated and thats 8th Amendment illegal, (Many in U.S. Prisons Lack Good Health Care, para. 15). There needs to be an education requirement for all inmates. In order for an inmate to gain employment after their release, they need to have some type of an education. Research has found that released offenders who are employed with sustainable wages are less likely to end up back in the prison system. Whether it be their GED, high school diploma, or a vocational certification, it will help them transition into the community easier and they will be productive members of society. Low-level drug addicts need mandatory drug rehabilitation. Instead of sentencing low-level drug addicts to prison, they need to be given a choice between a prison sentence or a mandatory inpatient drug rehabilitation program, and, after successful completion, they should be put on parole for the remainder of their original sentence. Even if they choose prison over rehabilitation, they would still receive substance abuse treatment, the only difference would be they would be in prison instead of out on parole. If Indiana took 100 low-level drug addicts out of prison and gave them inpatient substance abuse treatment, such as the Clean Lifestyle is Freedom Forever or Therapeutic Communities programs, the state would save almost $2 million a year on prison costs. Judges need to have the flexibility to give shorter sentences to nonviolent offenders. Judges need to have the authority to give nonviolent offenders probation instead of a jail or a prison sentence. It costs an average of $80 per day to incarcerate an offender; however, it only costs about $3.50 per day for them to be on probation. Several states have already shown that it is possible to cut these costs and keep the public safe by keeping nonviolent offenders out of jails and prisons. States need to offer incentives to counties for them to handle nonviolent offenders at the county level instead of sending them into the prison system, which costs much more. States also need to eliminate their minimum sentencing laws for nonviolent crimes. These laws remove all discretion from judges who are the most intimately familiar with the facts of a case and who are well-positioned to know which defendants need to be in prison because they threaten public safety and which defendants would in fact not benefit from prison time, (Priority Issues: Prisons, para. 8). States need to have geriatric release programs. There are approximately 200,000 inmates who are over 50 years old. The cost of keeping them in prison is high because they are in need of more medical treatment due to old age. Prisons are effectively turning into nursing homes for all of these older inmates, all paid for by the taxpayers. Rehabilitation Programs in Prisons. Most prisons have an abundance of rehabilitation programs available to inmates. Instead of prisons spending money to keep programs running that do not have a positive effect on inmate rehabilitation and recidivism rates, states should shut down those programs. By shutting down those programs, prisons can use that money to expand successful programs so that more inmates can benefit from the programs. By doing this, hopefully more inmates will be rehabilitated, which will have a positive effect on recidivism rates. In order to reduce recidivism rates and costs, enhance public safety, and to produce productive members of society, offenders need to be adequately rehabilitated. There are very few county facilities that offer rehabilitation programs and only 40 percent of prisons offer rehabilitation programs to their inmates. Considering the increase in incarceration rates over the past ten years, it is amazing that the corrections system still punishes inmates instead of correcting their behavior. The high cost of prisons might be worth it to the taxpayers if the recidivism rates were much lower, but since almost half of the released prisoners are expected to be back behind bars within three years, it simply does not seem worth it. The medical care for inmates is questionable in American prisons. There are some prisons that outsource medical care to private companies, such as Correctional Medical Services. According to Wil S. Hylton, some of these private companies try to maximize their profits by giving minimal medical care to prisoners (Sick on the Inside, para. 10-11). An inmates medical care is an important part of their rehabilitation. They should be healthy and well taken care of while in prison so they can learn how to properly take care of themselves when they re-enter society. There are too many inmates suffering needless deaths because of a lack of adequate medical treatment. If the prison policies we have are not working even just 75 percent of the time and we know that there are better, more effective ways to rehabilitate, we need to change these policies. For example, crime rates have dropped in almost every state over the past seven years. Over the past seven years, Floridas incarceration rate has increased 16 percent, while New Yorks decreased 16 percent. Yet the crime rate in New York has fallen twice as much as Floridas, (Saving Money, Saving Lives, para. 11). Even though New York spent less on their prisons, their state had better public safety than Florida. Citizens in the United States need to know that we can change our prison system to save money and keep them safe at the same time. We all have a responsibility to create safe, productive, and humane correctional facilities. With so much at stake for our citizens health and safety, with so many people directly affected by the conditions in our prisons and jails, this is the moment to confront c onfinement in the United States, (Summary of Findings and Recommendations, pg. 7).